Jifunze Compyuta Bure kwa Masomo haya.

Introduction to

Computer

Software

Software & Hardware?

 Computer Instructions or data, anything that can be

stored electronically is Software.

 Hardware is one that is tangible. The storage devices

(Hard disk, CD’s etc.,), mouse, keyboard CPU and

display devices (Monitor) are Hardware.

For example: There is a problem in the Software implies

– Problem with program or data

Types of Software

 System Software

 Application Software

 Open source Software and

 Proprietary Software

System Software:

System Software includes the Operating System and all

the utilities that enable the computer to function.

System software is a term referring to any computer

software which manages and controls the hardware so

that application software can perform a task.

Example:

Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader, Linker, Interpreter

Application Software:

Application Software includes programs that do real work

for user.

Example:

Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student

database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and Database

Management System etc.,

Open Source Software:

 Open source software (OSS) is computer software

whose source code is available under a license that

permits users to use, change, and improve the software,

and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form.

 It is often developed in a public, collaborative manner.

Well-known OSS products are Linux, Netscape, Apache,

etc.,

Proprietary Software:

 Proprietary software (also called non-free

software) is software with restrictions on using,

copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor.

Restrictions on use, modification and copying is

achieved by either legal or technical means and

sometimes both.

 Proponents of proprietary software are Microsoft.

 Ex: CAD, Nortan Antivirus etc.,

System Software:

Operating System:

 Operating System is a software, which makes a computer

to actually work.

 It is the software the enables all the programs we use.

 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.

 OS acts as an interface between the application

programs and the machine hardware.

 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,

Source

Languages

Target Languages

‘C’ language ‘C’ language

‘Pascal’ language Machine language

FORTRAN language

C++ language

ADA language

Compiler: A compiler is a program that reads a

program in one language – the source language and

translates into an equivalent program in another

language – the target language.

Loader: A loader is the part of an operating system that

is responsible for loading programs into memory,

preparing them for execution and then executing them.

The loader is usually a part of the operating system's

kernel and usually is loaded at system boot time and

stays in memory until the system is rebooted, shut down,

or powered off.

In Unix, the loader is the handler for the system call

execve().

Linker: A linker or link editor is a program that takes

one or more objects generated by compilers and

assembles them into a single executable program.

Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library.

The objects are program modules containing machine

code and information for the linker.

The linker takes care of arranging the objects in a

program's address space.

Interpreter: An interpreter is a computer

program that translates and executes

instructions written in a computer programming

language line-by-line, unit by unit etc.,

An interpreter needs to be able to analyze, or

parse, instructions written in the source

language.

Example: Lisp systems, etc.,

Application Software:

Word Processors:

Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating,

editing, and printing documents. Word processors will

normally have the following capabilities built into them:

 Spell checking

 Standard layouts for normal documents

 Have some characters appear in bold print,

italics, or underlined

 Center lines, make text line up on the left side

of the paper, or the right side of the paper

 Save the document so it can be used again

 print the document.

Examples: WordPerfect and Microsoft Word

Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages are

designed to use numbers and formulas to do calculations

with ease. Examples of spreadsheets include:

 Budgets

 Payrolls

 Grade Calculations

 Address Lists

The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are

Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123.

Graphic Presentations: The presentation

programs can make giving presentations and using

overheads easier. Other uses include:

 Slide Shows

 Repeating Computer Presentations on a

computer monitor

 Using Sound and animation in slide shows

The most recognized graphic presentation programs are

Microsoft PowerPoint and Harvard Graphics.

Database Management System (DBMS):

 A DBMS is a software tool that allows multiple users to

store, access, and process data into useful information.

 Database programs are designed for these types of

applications:

 Membership lists

 Student lists

 Grade reports

 Instructor schedules

All of these have to be maintained so you can find what

you need quickly and accurately.

 Example:Microsoft Access, dBASE, Oracle.

Questions:

1. Think about some machine / items / gadgets having

only Hardware.

2. Think about some machine / items / gadgets having

both Hardware and Software.

3. Find the Operating Syste, you are using and its

version.

4. Develop some application using

 Word – processor

 Spread sheet

and list some important command.

1. Find 5 proprietary software names.

Sura ya 3 Mguu wa Kulia wa Kuzimu

Sura ya 3

Mguu wa Kulia wa Kuzimu na Mary K Baxter 

Sikuweza kulala wala kula tangu nilipotoka kuzimu usiku uliopita. Kila siku kumbukumbu

za kuzimu zilinijia. Nilipofumba macho; nilichokiona ni kuzimu tu. Masikio yangu

hayakuweza kuzuia nisisikie kelele za waliolaaniwa. Mambo niliyoyaona kuzimu yalinijia

mara kwa mara kama kwamba nilikuwa naangalia kipindi cha televisheni. Kila siku

nilikuwa kuzimu, na kila siku nilikuwa natafuta namna ya kuueleza ulimwengu juu ya

mambo haya ya kutisha.

Yesu alinitokea tena na kusema, "Leo tunakwenda ndani ya mguu wa kushoto wa

kuzimu, mwanangu. Usiogope, maana nakupenda na nipo pamoja nawe."

Uso wa Bwana ulikuwa na masikitiko, na macho yake yalijaa upole na upendo. Ingawaje

waliokuwa kuzimu walikuwa wamepotea milele, nilijua kwamba bado alikuwa anawapenda

na angewapenda milele.

"Mwanangu," Alisema, "Mungu, Baba yetu, alimpa kila mmoja wetu utashi ili

kuchagua kumtumikia Yeye au Shetani. Unajua, Mungu hakuumba kuzimu kwa ajili

ya watu wake. Shetani anawadanganya watu wengi wamfuate, lakini kuzimu

kulitengenezwa kwa ajili ya Shetani na malaika zake. Sio mapenzi yangu, wala

mapenzi ya Baba yangu, kwamba mtu yeyote apotee” Machozi ya huruma yalitiririka

kwenye uso wa Yesu.

Alianza kusema tena, "Kumbuka maneno yangu katika siku za mbele

nitakapokuonyesha kuzimu. Ninayo mamlaka yote mbinguni na duniani. Sasa, mara

nyingine itakuwa kama nimekuacha, lakini sitakuacha. Kuna wakati tutaonekana na

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nguvu za giza, na wakati mwingine hazitatuona. Kokote tutakakokwenda, uwe na

amani na usiogope kunifuata."

Tulikwenda pamoja. Nilimfuata kwa karibu nikilia. Kwa siku kadhaa nilikuwa nalia, na

sikuweza kabisa kuuondoa uwepo wa kuzimu ambao wakati wote ulikuwa mbele yangu.

Zaidi nililia ndani kwa ndani. Roho yangu ilikuwa na majonzi sana.

Tulifika kwenye mguu wa kulia wa kuzimu. Nilipotazama mbele niliona njia iliyokuwa kavu

na imeungua. Vilio viliijaza hewa chafu, na harufu ya mauti ilikuwa kila mahali. Mara

nyingine harufu ilikuwa mbaya kiasi cha kunifanya nijisikie kutapika. Kila mahali palikuwa

giza isipokuwa mwanga uliokuwa unatoka kwa Kristo na mashimo ya moto, ambayo

yalijaa kila mahali kwa kadri ya upeo wa macho.

Mara, mapepo ya kila aina yalianza kutupita. Vipepo vilitumulika vilipotupita. Mapepo ya

kila ukubwa na umbile yalianza kusemezana. Mbele yetu, pepo kubwa lilikuwa linatoa

amri kwa mapepo madogo. Tulisimama kusikiliza, na Yesu alisema, "Vile vile kuna jeshi

lisiloonekana hapa la nguvu za giza- kama vile mapepo ya magonjwa."

"Nenda!" Pepo kubwa liliviagiza vipepo vidogo. “Kafanye mambo mengi maovu. Vunja

familia. Washawishi Wakrsto dhaifu, na fundisha uongo na wapotoshe watu wengi kadri

mtakavyoweza. Mtapata dhawabu yenu mtakaporejea. Kumbuka, jihadharini na wale

waliompokea Yesu kuwa Mwokozi wao. Wana uwezo wa kuwafukuza. Nendeni sasa

ulimwenguni pote. Ninao wengi kule na bado nitawapeleka na wengine. Kumbuka, sisi ni

watumishi wa mfalme wa giza na nguvu za anga.”

Baada ya hapo, nguvu za giza zilianza kutoka chini na kuruka juu hadi nje ya kuzimu.

Milango juu ya mguu wa kulia wa kuzimu ilifunguka na kufungwa kwa kasi sana

kuziruhusu hizo nguvu za giza kutoka nje. Zingine zilipanda juu na kutokea kwenye pango

tuliloingilia.

Nitajitahidi kuelezea maumbile ya viumbe hivi. Aliyekuwa anazungumza alikuwa na umbo

kubwa sana dubu mkubwa, rangi ya kikahawia, alikuwa na kichwa kama popo na macho

yaliingia ndani sana ya uso wenye minywele. Mikono yenye minywele ilining’inia pembeni,

na meno yalijitokeza kwenye nywele za uso wake.

Mwingine alikuwa mdogo kama nyani akiwa na mikono mirefu sana na nywele mwili

mzima. Uso wake ulikuwa mdogo, na alikuwa na pua iliyochongoka. Sikuona macho juu

ya mwili wake mahali popote.

Mwingine tena alikuwa na kichwa kikubwa, masikio makubwa na mkia mrefu, na mwingine

alikuwa mkubwa kama farasi na ngozi laini. Maumbile ya mapepo haya mabaya yalinitia

kichefuchefu. Kila nilikotazama kulikuwa na mapepo.

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Kubwa kushinda yote ya mapepo haya yalikuwa yanapokea amri moja kwa moja kutoka

kwa Shetani, ndivyo Bwana alivyoniambia.

Yesu na mimi tulitembea kwenye njia hadi tulipofika kwenye shimo lingine. Vilio vya

maumivu, sauti za masikitiko zisizosahaulika, zilisikika kila mahali. Bwana wangu, nini

zaidi? Niliwaza.

Tulitembea kuvipita baadhi ya viumbe hivi vibaya, ambavyo havikuelekea kutuona, na

kusimama kwenye shimo lingine la moto na kiberiti. Katika shimo hili kulikuwa na mtu

mwenye umbile kubwa. Nilimsikia akihubiri injili. Nilimtazama Yesu kwa mshangao

nikisubiri jibu, maana wakati wote aliyajua mawazo yangu.. Alisema, " Alipokuwa

duniani mtu huyu alikuwa mhubiri wa injili. Wakati fulani alisema kweli na

kunitumikia."

NiIishangaa, mtu huyu alikuwa anatafuta nini kuzimu? Alikuwa na kimo cha futi sita, na

mifupa yake ilikuwa michafu, kijivu, kama jiwe la kaburi. Vipande vya nguo vilimnin’ginia

bado. Nilishangaa kwanini moto haukuunguza vipande hivi vya nguo. Nyama iliyokuwa

inaungua ilikuwa inamning’inia, na kichwa kilionekana kuwaka moto. Harufu mbaya ilitoka

kwake.

Nilimwona amenyosha mikono yake kama kwamba ameshika kitabu na alianza kusoma

Maandiko kutoka kitabu kisochokuwepo. Nilikumbuka tena Yesu alivyokuwa ameniambia.

Yesu alisema, "Kuzimu unakuwa na ufahamu wako wote, na unakuwa mkubwa zaidi.

" Yule mtu alisoma Andiko hadi Andiko, na nilidhani ilikuwa vizuri. Yesu alimwambia yule

mtu kwa upendo mwingi katika sauti yake, “Amani, tulia." Mara moja mtu yule aliacha

kusema, aligeuka taratibu kumwangalia Yesu.

Niliona roho ya mtu ndani ya mifupa hii. Alimwambia Bwana, "Bwana, sasa nitahubiri kweli

kwa watu. Sasa, Bwana, niko tayari kwenda na kuwaambia wengine kuhusu mahali hapa.

Najua kwamba nilipokuwa duniani nilikuwa siamini kwamba kuna kuzimu, wala sikuamini

kwamba ungerudi tena. Ndivyo watu walivyotaka kusikia, sikutetea kweli. Najua kwamba

sikumpenda yeyote wa rangi au asili tofauti na mimi, na nilisababisha watu wengi

kujitenga nawe. Nalitengeneza taratibu zangu mwenyewe kuhusu mbingu na kuhusu

jambo gani ni sahihi na lipi si sahihi. Najua kwamba niliwapotosha wengi, na nilisababisha

wengi kujikwaa kwa Neno lako Takatifu, na nilichukua fedha kutoka watu fukara. Lakini,

Bwana, nitoe humu nami nitajirekebisha. Sitachukua tena fedha za kanisa. Nimetubu

tayari. Nitawapenda watu wa kila aina na kila rangi.”

Yesu alisema, "Sio tu kwamba ulipindisha na kutoa tafsiri ya uongo ya Neno la

Mungu, Bali ulidanganya kwamba hujui ukweli. Mimi mwenyewe nilikutembelea na

kujaribu kukugeuza, lakini hukutaka kusikia. Ulikwenda njia yako mwenyewe, na

ubaya ulikuwa ndio bwana wako. Uliijua kweli, lakini hukutaka, lakini hukutaka

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kutubu na kunigeukia. Nilikuwepo pale wakati wote. Nilikusubiri. Nilitaka utubu

lakini hukutaka.”

Masikitiko yalikuwa kwenye sura ya Yesu. Nilijua kwamba mtu huyu angelisikia wito wa

Mwokozi, asingekuwa hapa sasa. O nyie watu, tafadhali sikilizeni.

Yesu alisema tena na mkosaji “Ulipaswa kusema kweli, na ungewageuza wengi

kwenye haki kwa Neno la Mungu, ambalo linasema kwamba wote wasioamini

sehemu yao ni katika ziwa linalowaka kwa moto na kiberiti. Uliijua njia ya msalaba.

Uliijua njia ya haki. Ulijua kusema kweli. Lakini Shetani alijaza uongo kwenye moyo

wako, na ukaingia katika dhambi. Ulistahili kutubu kwa moyo wa kweeli, sio nusu

nusu. Neno langu ni kweli. Halisemi uongo.” Baada ya kusikia hayo, mtu yule

alinyosha mkono kwa Yesu kwa hasira, akaanza kumlaani.

Kwa huzuni, mimi na Yesu tuliondo kuelekea shimo lingine. Mhubiri aliyeanguka

aliendelea kulaani na kumkasirikia Yesu. Tulipokuwa tunapita kwenye mashimo ya moto,

mikono ya wapotevu ilinyooshwa kutka kumfikia Yesu, na kwa sauti ya kubembeleza

waliita na kuomba rehema.

Mifupa ya mikono yao na miguu yao ilikuwa na rangi ya majivu meusi kutokana na

kuungua- hakuna nyama yenye damu, hakuna viungo, ni mauti tu na kifo. Nilikuwa nalia

ndani kwa ndani,O dunia, tubu. Usipotubu utakuja hapa. Acha kabla hujachelewa.

Tulisimama tena kwenye shimo lingine. Nilisikia huzuni mno kwa ajili yao wote kiasi cha

kwamba nilijiona dhaifu katika mwili hata kusimama wima ilikuwa vigumu. Kilio cha kwikwi

kilinitisa. “Yesu, naumia sana ndani.” Nilisema.

Kutoka ndani ya shimo sauti ya mwanamke ilisema na Yesu. Alisimama katikati ya moto,

na ulimfunika mwili mzima. Mwili wake ulijaa mafunza na nyama mfu. Moto ulipokuwa

unawaka kumzunguka, alinyosha mikono yake kwa Yesu akilia. “Nitoe humu. Sasa

nitakupa moyo wangu, Yesu. Nitawaeleza wengine habari za msamaha wako.

Nitakushuhudia. Nakusihi, tafadhali nitoe”

Yesu alisema, "Neno langu ni kweli linasema kwamba watu wote lazima watubu na

kuziacha dhambi zao na kuniomba niingie katika maisha yao kama wanataka

kukwepa kuja hapa. Katika damu yangu kuna ondoleo la dhambi. Mimi ni

mwaminifu na wa kweli ni nitawasamehe wote wanaokuja kwangu. Sitawatupa nje.”

Aligeuka, alimwangalia mwanamke na kusema, "Ungelinisikiliza na kuja kwangu na

kutubu, ningelikusamehe.”

Yule mwanamke aliuliza, Bwana, hakuna njia nyingine ya kutoka hapa?”

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Yesu alimjibu kwa upole sana. “Mwanamke,” alisema, ulipewa nafasi nyingi za kutubu,

lakini roho yako sugu haikutaka. Ulilijua Neno langu kwamba waongo sehemu yao

ni katika ziwa la moto”

Yesu alinigeukia na kusema, "Mwanamke huyu alikuwa na matendo ya dhambi na

wanaume wengi, na alisababisha nyumba nyingi kuvunjika. Pamoja na hayo yote

niliendelea kumpenda. Nilikwenda kwake sio kwa kumhukumu bali kwa ukombozi.

Niliwatuma kwake watumishi wangu wengi ili atubu na kuacha njia zake mbaya,

lakini hakutaka. Alipokuwa mwanamama kijana, nilimwita, lakini aliendelea kufanya

maovu. Alifanya maovu mengi, bado ningelimsamehe kama angelikuja

kwangu.Shetani alimwingia, akawa na uchungu na hakuweza kuwasamehe

wengine. Alikwenda kanisani ili tu kuwatafuta wanaume. Aliwapata na kuwanasa.

Angelinijia, dhambi zake zingelitakaswa zote kwa damu yangu. Upande mmoja

alitaka kunitumikia, lakini huwezi kumtumikia Mungu na Shetani kwa wakati mmoja.

Kila mmoja lazima aamue nani atakayemtumikia."

"Bwana,” Nililia, “nipe nguvu za kuendelea” Nilikuwa natetemeka tangu kichwa hadi miguu

kwa sababu ya mateso ya kuzimu.

Yesu aliniambia, “Amani, tulia”

"Nisaidie, Bwana” Nililia. Shetani hataki tujue ukweli kuhusu kuzimu. Nilikuwa sijawahi

kufikiria kwamba kuzimu kungekuwa namna hii. Mpendwa Yesu, haya yataisha lini?”

"Mwanangu,” Yesu alijibu, “Baba peke yake ndiye anayejua mwisho utakavyokuwa.”

Alisema nami tena na kuniambia, “Amani, tulia.” Nguvu nyingi zilinijia.

Yesu na mimi tulitembelea mashimo mbalimbali. Nilitamani kumvuta kutoka kwenye

shimo la moto kila mtu tuliyemkuta na kumkimbiza kwenye miguu ya Yesu. Nililia ndani

kwa ndani. Niliwaza: sitaki watoto wangu waje huku.

Hatimaye, Yesu alinigeukia na kuniambia, “Mwanangu, tutakwenda nyumbani kwako

sasa. Kesho usiku tutarudi tena kwenye sehemu hii ya kuzimu.”

Niliporudi nyumbani nililia na kulia. Wakati wa mchana picha ya kuzimu na mateso ya

watu wa kule ilinijia. Nilimwambia kila mtu niliyekutana naye mchana habari za kuzimu.

Niliwaambia kwamba mateso ya kuzimu hatasimuliki, ni vigumu kuamini.

Mnaosoma kitabu hiki, nawasihi, tafadhali, tubu dhambi zenu. Mwite Yesu na mwambie

akuokoe. Mwite leo. Usingoje mpaka kesho. Kesho huenda isifike. Muda unakwisha

haraka. Piga magoti usamehewe dhambi zako. Mpendane. Kwa ajili ya Yesu, iweni

wapole na msameheane.

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Kama umemkasirikia mtu msamehe. Hakuna hasira iliyo na uzito wa kutosha kukupeleka

kuzimu. Uwe mtu wa kusamehe kama Kristo alivyotusamehe dhambi zetu. Yesu ana

uwezo wa kuvumiliana nasi tukiwa na moyo wa toba na atafanya damu yake isafishe

dhambi zote. Wapende watoto wako, na wapende jirani zako kama unavyojipenda

mwenyewe.

Bwana wa makanisa anasema, "Tubu nawe utaokolewa!"